Parasites typically benefit from such relationships, often at the expense of the host organisms.
Pathogens with quorum-sensing pathways may also infect host organisms more effectively, leading to deadlier diseases.
Humans will also contain machines: miniaturization will allow nanobots -- microscopic robots -- to be injected into the bloodstream and heal their host organisms.
Still other host organisms become infected with the invading parasite but show no symptoms of the disease.
The public health threat-model is in a state of continuous flux, because our well-being is under continuous, deliberate attack from pathogens for whom we are, at best, host organisms, and at worst, dinner.
Thus, we can effectively design synthetic genes within heterologous host organisms using this criterion.
Such understanding has been deferred by the complexity of higher eukaryotic host organisms.
In their host organisms, natural products are assembled and modified using dedicated biosynthetic pathways.
These pathways were expressed in different host organisms and enabled propanol production from various renewable feedstocks.
Many biologically active natural products are produced by the host organisms using dedicated biosynthetic pathways.
Nowhere is this more evident than in the co-evolution of obligate pathogens with their host organisms.
