In addition, the introduction of such a system will provide a foundation for NGS to be used for genotypic testing for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, surveillance of other diseases, in-country capability for outbreak discovery and management, and a host of other diagnostic benefits that are currently limited to high-income countries.
Our health economic model suggests a methodology to appraise the host of novel diagnostics 7 and biomarkers generated by clinical science.
It would be important to validate our findings in different areas and patient populations, and across a range of pathogens with a similar clinical presentation to examine the robustness as well as the specificity and predictive value of diagnostic host biomarkers.
This is also true historically across the health spectrum, ranging from the use of vitamin C to prevent scurvy (250 years before routine implementation) [ 28], to hand washing (100 years before routine implementation) [ 29], to a host of interventions and diagnostics that over treat, undertreat or mistreat patients (more than 15 years for routine implementation) [ 30].
Measuring changes in host transcriptional profiles may therefore prove of diagnostic value even in situations where the causative pathogenic agent is not present in the test sample.
Furthermore, additional research is needed to help clarify the utility of diagnostic ultrasound for a host of different diseases and conditions.
Development of diagnostic and prophylactic methodologies is dependent on knowledge of the host's defence system and reaction to different vaccine adjuvants.
Selection will depend on factors such as the host species, expected sample size, logistic constraints, cost of laboratory analyses and specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic tests [ 46].
Interfacing these structures with living cells will enable a host of medical and technological applications including noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic medical applications and computational devices.
There followed a period of standardisation of diagnostic criteria.
