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Exact(25)
An element formed by radioactive decay is quite different from its parent atom and thus is out of place with respect to the host mineral.
Since parent uranium atoms change into daughter atoms with time at a known rate, their relative abundance leads directly to the absolute age of the host mineral.
In this case, the host mineral could have an absolute age very much older than is recorded in the isotopic record.
This process involves the random replacement of an atom in a mineral by a foreign atom of similar ionic radius and valence, without changing the atomic packing of the host mineral.
The Ferredox process has been enabled by the recently demonstrated reductive dissolution of goethite, the most prominent nickel limonite host mineral, using elemental sulphur as a reductant at ambient conditions.
(This is the temperature below which a mineral becomes a closed chemical system for a specific radioactive decay series. Accordingly, the parent-daughter isotope ratio indicates the time elapsed since that critical threshold was reached). In this case, the host mineral could have an absolute age very much older than is recorded in the isotopic record.
Similar(35)
With heat, daughter isotopes diffuse out of their host minerals but are incorporated into other minerals in the rock.
Metal selectivity was intimately associated with the host minerals containing nickel and cobalt.
The heat generated within rocks depends on the types and abundances of the radioactive elements and their host minerals.
A second advantage of the method relates to the fact that under high-temperature conditions the daughter isotopes may escape from the host minerals.
Little mention is made of the recovery of other gold minerals, but some comments are made on the flotation of host minerals (iron and base metal sulphides).
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