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Typically, these pathogens occupy at some stage of their life cycle an environmental reservoir such as soil, water, or an arthropod host from which mammalian hosts become infected.
However, sufficient variation in MLST alleles exists to identify correlation with the animal host from which the isolate was sampled [17], [18] and recent analyses have exploited this host-genotype relationship to investigate potential disease reservoirs.
The effectiveness of C-S8p260 as a potent FMD vaccine in mice prompted us to investigate the efficacy of C-S8p260 as a vaccine in pigs, one of the natural hosts of FMDV, and the host from which FMDV C-S8c1 was isolated [25].
On the other hand, field isolates have been distinguished on the basis of the host from which they are isolated.
All isolates from Spain had these alleles, irrespective of the outbreak, geographic origin, or the host from which they were recovered.
This shows the grouping of begomoviruses according to either geographical origin or the host from which the viruses were isolated, as noted previously [ 31, 32].
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This resulted in a series of dominant scrums for the hosts from which they eventually forced a penalty five metres out.
Although T. brucei gambiense has also been found in various wild and domestic animal species, these are usually considered sporadic, "dead-end" hosts, from which the disease isn't transmitted further.
We observed broad variation in the number of hosts from which we recovered individual parasite lineages, ranging from one to 15 avian host species.
Phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences of coronaviruses from bats, humans, birds, and other vertebrates suggests that bats may be the reservoir hosts from which all coronavirus lineages originated [23], [24].
A total of 1,148 sequences of human mtDNA hypervariable segment I were retrieved from Genbank from published work (Table 2), from humans close to the hosts from which H. pylori strains had been cultured: non-Bantu Africans, Spanish, Koreans, Amerindians (Guahibo, Huitoto, Inuit) and South American Mestizos.
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