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In general, in the immunocompetent host, fluctuations in anti-EBV immune responses reflect the host virus relationship, being aberrant in (sub clinical situations involving EBV (Glaser et al., 2005; de Sanjose et al., 2007; Stevens et al., 2007).
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Climatic variation may impact plague dynamics directly through host density fluctuations caused by variable food abundance and survival rates, through vector (flea) population growth and survival, through temperature effects on the bacterium itself and, most important, through the interaction of several factors.
However, it remains unclear how microbial communities change throughout the lifetime of their hosts and how these fluctuations affect host health, behaviour and fitness [ 6].
The detailed analysis then suggests that, in case of Lotka-Volterra fluctuations, host alleles can have a high fixation probability even if initially rare.
Therefore, both intrinsic transmission dynamics of B. burgdorferi strains in hosts (37) and population fluctuations of the hosts (38) may result in population fluctuations of B. burgdorferi.
It has also been proposed that seasonal fluctuations in host immunity may periodically change host susceptibility to influenza infections [ 7].
However, the effects of fluctuations in host density will largely depend on the relative timing of population peaks in ticks and hosts.
The existence of multiple hosts can buffer a pathogen against population fluctuations in focal host species, and tolerant species may therefore increase pathogen burden for susceptible species by supporting high pathogen densities.
Mr. Rhorer effectively interpolated a host of tiny volume fluctuations in the overture to Mozart's "Nozze di Figaro"; he got through the abrupt tempo changes in Beethoven's First Symphony with accuracy.
N. longicornis is therefore more likely to be sensitive to fluctuations in host quality.
Fluctuations in host density across patches would thus potentially affect patterns of local adaptation [ 20, 29, 40] and maintenance of stable polymporphism.
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