The largest changes in the transcriptome were found in cells infected by PPV, whereas the action of the CaLCuV showed the smallest variation in the host expression profile.
When disulfide bonds of heterologous proteins are formed incorrectly, aggregation can occur, which ultimately leads to degradation of the mis-folded polypeptide to prevent damage to the host expression organism (Sato and Inaba 2012; Schroder 2008).
As expected, the host expression levels of proteases including trypsins, other serine proteases, and zinc carboxypeptidase were regulated (Fig. 6a).
Intriguingly, this potential parasite interference with host expression matches the timing of host response.
Host expression profiles were dependent upon co-culture status (Additional file 1: sheet 9).
Perhaps, a strain difference in chlamydial PAMP expression or in host expression of TLRs could account for this.
E. coli DH5α (Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan), E. coli BL21 DE3), and plasmid pET19b (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) served as the cloning host, expression host, and vector, respectively.
Mu-like bacteriophages are thought to carry virulence genes or can induce host expression of virulence genes [ 9, 10].
The roadblocks to heterologous expression can be alleviated by considering sequence GC content, and thus, codon bias relative to the host expression system and the native gene sequence.
A subset of up to 20% of intragenic miRNAs may directly regulate the host expression (we referred to this phenomenon as "first-order feedback").
