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Since these factors are determined by host ecology, male-killer distribution is thought to be driven by ecological parameters.
Recent food-web analyses indicate that host ranges vary widely within and among taxa and associations are shaped by host ecology and defenses.
The aim of this study was to assess which environmental conditions favour scout-tick contacts, and thus to better understand how these factors and their interactions influence the two components of risk: hazard (related to vector and host ecology) and exposure of humans to disease vectors.
We believe that field isolates have different behaviour which remains intrinsic to the parasites and influenced by environment (vector, host, ecology).
These findings affirmed the importance for including knowledge of host ecology to inform the debate on wild birds and HPAI transmission.
We propose that these differing ERV-K dynamics reflect underlying differences in the evolutionary ecology of the host species, such that host ecology and demography represent important determinants of ERV-K dynamics.
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This is predicted to be particularly strong in cases where off-host ecologies do not overlap with host ecologies, as is the case for bat flies (Figure 3A), as well as many other parasites.
Understanding the interplay between these traits may help to further our understanding of the intra-host ecology and evolution of chronic bacterial infections.
Parasites play a crucial role in the hosts' ecology in plant and animal communities [13], [14].
Indeed, this in-host ecology maybe the primary determinant of the magnitude of the costs of resistance.
However, flea-borne diseases could reemerge in epidemic form because of changes in vector-host ecology due to environmental and human behavior modification.
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