The heterogeneity among coronavirus subfamilies is well documented [ 7], and the factors that contribute to PEDV's ability to gain or lose parts of its transcriptome are believed to have contributed to quasispecies with novel traits that are able to adapt to new hosts, ecological niches and zoonotic events.
"[They] deliver a host of ecological services that are fundamental to the survival of humankind.
In particular, the pervasive use of the herbicide atrazine raises a host of ecological and political questions that are strikingly reminiscent of those confronted by Carson.
Adaptation of non-related parasites to the same host or ecological niche is generally associated to events of convergent evolution (homoplasy), where analogous genetic elements arise during the acquisition of the same biological trait [8], [43].
Birds are sensitive to a host of ecological threats (see [44]) including habitat degradation [51] and fragmentation [52], invasive species [53], [54], climate change [25], [55], [56], emergent disease [57], [58], and pollution [59], [60], so bird declines identified here are a warning of environmental problems.
Nor are they host races, ecological morphs or members of a recent island radiation.
Intraspecific variations in host preference, ecological fitness and virulence are common in many bacterial pathogens.
Differences in some host and ecological factors exist, which should be considered when interpreting diagnostic data.
A complex interplay of viral, host, and ecological factors shapes the spatio-temporal incidence and evolution of human influenza viruses.
We are presently unable to explain this pattern, but we predict that the solution to the paradox lies in understanding the potentially complex tradeoffs between dichromatism and a host of ecological or life-history traits [ 62].
