In addition to total costs, the type of costs that differed significantly based on gender (higher for males) were those for hospitalisations, tests, treatments and investigations.
The higher overall and component (hospitalisations, tests, treatments and investigations) costs for males compared to females may be explained by the longer in-hospital length of stay for the former group (five days longer on average).
The three programs had similar benefits packages, covering outpatient visits, hospitalisation, diagnostic tests and prescription drugs.
These included the costs of direct medical resources including costs of physician consultation, all drugs consumed during admission and follow-up episodes, hospitalisation, diagnostic tests and surgical interventions.
Each occurrence of the components of AVF Access Failure can result in multiple adverse clinical consequences such as hospitalisation, diagnostic tests, surgical or radiological interventions, insertion of central venous catheters, inadequate dialysis and even death.
Drivers of HCRU burden included hospitalisation, diagnostic testing and medications.
The health system costs were determined by strata of sex and age using a dataset of (nearly) all New Zealanders with their health system events (e.g. hospitalisation, lab test) all ascribed a cost.
Participants reported out-of-pocket expenditure in the past three months for: prescription and non-prescription medications; medical and allied health care; hospitalisations; medical tests; medically-related transportation; home and self-care assistance; medical equipment and supplies; and special food requirements.
The personal health number permitted electronic linking between all databases, allowing information on medication refills to be integrated with the patients' date of birth, gender, any record of hospitalisation, diagnostic test and specialist visit.
The main limitation of our study was that low numbers of patients were enrolled, which resulted in RVGE proportions that may not be fully representative of the paediatric population in Greece: indeed 4.4% of acute GE ER visits and 34.9% of acute GE hospitalisations were tested for RV in the present study.
