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An overall model combining hydrodynamic and kinetics of cell disruption for horn type reactor is then proposed.
Degassing experiments are carried out and a degassing kinetics model for horn type ultrasonic device is presented.
Calculations of cavitational yield indicated the superiority of the reactor design as compared to the conventional ultrasonic horn type reactors.
"It has always been a bit of a mystery as to why there would be so much variation in horn type," says evolutionary biologist Susan Johnston of the University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom.
Horn type remained significant when morphometric measures were included within the model (Wald2=4.68, p=0.035).
The initiation of female intrasexual aggressive interactions was associated with an individual's horn type, age and reproductive status (table 1).
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While the function, if any, of these candidate genes in the context of horn development remains to be explored our results presented here provide an important starting point toward untangling shared, independent, and convergent aspects in the evolution of different horn types across horned beetles.
Horn or cup-horn type ultrasonic generators were used in previous studies [14 20] to apply sufficient ultrasound energy to cause the pyrolysis of fluid molecules.
Although our limited sampling of one of the world's most species-rich genera almost certainly underestimates the number of evolutionary events, our phylogeny reveals prolific evolutionary lability of these exaggerated sexually selected weapons (more than 25 separate gains and losses of five different horn types).
However, if different horn types originated and diversified independently of each other, transcription profiles may be predicted to exhibit important horn-type specific differences.
If so, different horn types should exhibit highly similar transcription profiles.
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