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This rule applies at all radio frequencies except shortwaves because the plane of their electromagnetic field can be twisted in its passage through the ionosphere, and a vertical shortwave antenna may pick up a good signal from a horizontal transmitting antenna.
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Horizontal transmit and receive.
With reference to radar polarisation, throughout, HH will represent horizontal transmit and receive, and VV will be the vertical transmit and receive case.
In large populations where the virulence cost of horizontal transmission is low, a narrow zone exists in which a horizontally transmitted mutant can exclude the original, solely vertically transmitted parasite.
In small host populations, the model predicts that a solely vertically transmitted feminizing parasite can exclude any horizontally transmitted mutant as long as there is a significant cost to horizontal transmission in terms of virulence.
However, if horizontally transmitted SRD parasites are actually rare, this suggests that the trade-off between horizontal and vertical transmission must be extremely steep.
This is equivalent to the conditions given for invasion and persistence of a horizontally transmitted parasite by Anderson and May [ 56] and of a parasite with horizontal and vertical transmission by Lipsitch et al. [ 57].
The measurements were made with a rigid seat so as to measure the horizontal force transmitted to the body.
The closeness of the tower's first natural frequency with the third harmonic of the dynamic horizontal force transmitted to the structure by the two heaviest swinging bells is recognized as the source of large oscillations.
Then, the trees were compared in order to decide whether or not they can be considered as the result of a single evolutionary scenario, i.e., if the core genes we identified co-evolved and have been transmitted (by horizontal transfer or not) as a single functional unit.
When transmitting horizontal polarization, the expression of the horizontal reflectivity factor is {Z}_H=underset{0}{overset{D_{mathrm{max}}}{int }}N(D bullet {D_H}^6{d}_D (1 where D H is the size of the particle detected by the radar in the horizontal direction and N D) is the drop distribution of the precipitation particles.
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