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Two specific criteria for SPIs directly from this building block thus are: (1) the provision of effective opportunities for continuous, open and iterative face-to-face deliberation between different stakeholders involved at SPIs (including governmental officials and scientists); and (2) a high degree of vertical and horizontal linkage of spaces for deliberation.
The horizontal linkage (or internal alignment) as to the coherence among the bundle of HR practices, e.g., high-commitment or high-performance work systems.
It was also mentioned at this early stage that the original plans were considered to include "over-ambitious expectations … and a lack of clarity and vertical & horizontal linkage in the outcomes as presented in the work plan".
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Concerning the second criterion associated with spaces for deliberation, forging vertical and horizontal linkages, both to other SPIs and to decision-making processes, is a crucial part of realizing spaces for deliberation to adequately frame problems and their solutions.
By looking through the lens of time, managers and workers could identify their organizations' main sequences, critical processes, and horizontal linkages, the elements that define the way a company does business and competes.
Horizontal linkages.
Theoretically, networking services create two types of linkages: Horizontal linkages.
While horizontal linkages are often facilitated through SSE programs, few programs include vertical linkages.
Horizontal linkages include associations, cooperatives, and other forms of cooperation between potential competitors.
The National Rural Livelihoods Project in India provides a good example of horizontal linkages that enable the many to achieve more than any individual could.
For example, farmers who establish a formal or informal association in order to sell their products in larger quantities to a wholesaler would strengthen their horizontal linkages.
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