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'First-order' additionalities represent direct firm-level R&D subsidies, whereas 'second-order' additionalities result from knowledge spill-overs, horizontal knowledge exchanges between firms, and from other meso- or community-level effects.
As Cleveland (1982) summarizes it: information is horizontal, knowledge is hierarchical, and wisdom is flexible.
And within vertical discourse he set up a complementarity of hierarchical vs horizontal knowledge structure.
This eclectic blend of knowledges and capabilities brings new possibilities for interdisciplinary teamwork of broad impact and for horizontal knowledge transmission.
Inorganic chemistry is from the hard sciences (vertical knowledge structure in Bernstein's 1999 terms), while history is from the humanities (horizontal knowledge structure in Bernstein's 1999 terms).
The sources of this knowledge, principally older refugees and those who remained nomads, are involved in both vertical and horizontal knowledge transmission paths (Volpato and Puri [2014]).
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This approach was facilitated by a set of practical strategies to stimulate vertical and horizontal knowledge-sharing.
Therefore, we also recommend an increased focus on helping teachers understand and be able to articulate how evolutionary theory explains, incorporates, or connects to other topics across the horizontal curriculum Knowledge of Assessment - includes knowledge of assessments specifically designed to reveal students' conceptions of evolution.
A poison because it intercedes a horizontal, historical knowledge of things that are like the picture you're looking at until they occlude the picture itself; a palliative because it prevents us from the malediction of thinking too much of newness, overrating the melodrama of innovation.
The optimal design of driver seats with horizontal suspension requires knowledge of human response with respect to the perception of the vibration intensity and seat comfort or of the performance in motor tasks.
In fact, the increased set of information to choose from transforms a vertical processing into a horizontal processing of knowledge.
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