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It hurt to see businessmen, shopkeepers and farmers grow rich from the war economy, popular entertainers enjoy the good life and perform for the Germans and, most of all, Frenchwomen consort with the Nazis - relations termed "horizontal collaboration". Some collaborators were young and easily misled by Vichy propaganda; others were older and sophisticated enough to know better.
Given the significant savings that can be realized thanks to horizontal collaboration, the main interest of the potential collaborating firms is to figure out how the collaborating group should be formed and how stable alliances and coalitions should be generated.
But, just as important, it shifted a culture of localized, hierarchical decision making to one of horizontal collaboration.
"Chaney implies that Chanel was just guilty of horizontal collaboration; I think it was definitely more," she said.
There was an observation that, although a lot of citizens have dealings with more than one authority, there is no sense that councils see a need for horizontal collaboration.
The computational results also confirm the potential benefit of horizontal collaboration between firms in terms of profit maximization compared to the stand-alone situation.
Similar(35)
In terms of vertical collaborations, the results highlight the same patterns of evolution as seen for horizontal collaborations.
For horizontal collaborations, our results suggest different patterns of evolution in the different types of primary healthcare practices.
However, based on the collaboration scores, our results suggest a smaller influence of local health network reform on vertical collaborations than on horizontal collaborations.
Health system reforms aimed at creating geographically based networks influenced primary healthcare practices' both among themselves (horizontal collaborations) and with hospitals (vertical collaborations).
Table 3 shows the evolution between 2005 and 2010 of the nature of vertical and horizontal collaborations among type of primary healthcare practices.
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