Fluid vulnerability theory (FVT; Rudd, 2006) posits that acute suicidal episodes increase in severity when trait-based (e.g., shame) and state-based (e.g., hopelessness) risk factors interact, especially among individuals who have been previously suicidal.
Importantly, this hopelessness-suicidality factor capturing a distinct feature of depression is associated with a higher severity on the latent distress continuum.
As distinguished from depression, hopelessness is another factor clearly associated with the wish for a hastened death, PAS and euthanasia [ 23, 66- 68, 71, 75, 81, 86], and can have a stronger effect than depression [ 71, 86].
Cultural differences, changes in life pattern, and feelings of hopelessness are risk factors for deviations from health.
Hopelessness is a common factor, as evidenced by the fact that nearly half of those committing mass killings either take their own lives or are killed by the police in the immediate aftermath of the event.
Research shows that especially lack of positive future expectancies, as a part of hopelessness, is an important factor in developing suicidal ideations and behavior [ 18].
The most salient features of psychopathology in the domain specific factor are hopelessness and suicidal thoughts, contrary to low positive affect or anhedonia as described by the tripartite model.
Of note, while some recognised general suicide risk factors have been replicated in schizophrenia patients such as being male, living alone and hopelessness; specific suicide risk factors have also been linked to schizophrenia such as lower treatment adherence [ 18].
Additionally, Depressivity and Hopelessness & Self-Devaluation factors presented expressive correlation values with PID-5's Depressivity facet.
This prospective, naturalistic study examined the association between major loss life experiences, other psychiatric risk factors (depression, hopelessness, and anxiety), and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) among adolescents followed through young adulthood for up to 14 years.
