An infrequent molecular ruler controls flagellar hook length in Salmonella enterica.
In particular, the flagellar hook length control protein gene fliK showed 5 independent NS mutations, three in P2B3 and two in P2B1 which were unique to the individual isolates.
A noteworthy feature is the fact that two essential motility genes, fliK (HMU07800; hook length control protein) and motA (HMU03580; motor protein) are pseudogenes in the sequenced strain, which we subsequently confirmed to be non-motile (data not shown).
An unrelated gene FliK regulates hook length; as its sequence is related to that of YscP, the similarly functioning molecular ruler for the injection tube of type III injectors [ 86], it is likely that precursors of the rod/hook proteins and a common system of length regulation were already present in the common ancestor of both – here argued to be a slime-secretion nozzle.
Hirano, T., Yamaguchi, S., Oosawa, K. & Aizawa, S. Roles of FliK and FlhB in determination of flagellar hook length in Salmonella typhimurium.
This follows that the proposed procedure is mainly dependent on the measured hook lengths which are approximately 4.78 and 5 mm for the 3DH1 and 3DH2 fibres respectively (Table 2).
More specifically, we illustrate its use for designing algorithms computing many statistics about polyominoes, regions whose boundary is encoded by four letter words: area, coordinates of the center of gravity, moment of inertia, set characteristic function, the intersection with a given set of pixels, hook-lengths, higher order moments and also q-statistics for projections.
According to the currently accepted Salmonella and Escherichia coli models, almost all the genes necessary for flagellum synthesis and export are present in the strain 2CP-C cluster with the exception of the chaperone genes fliJ, flgN, fliT, and flgA, a rod capping protein flgJ, and a hook-length-control protein fliK (Table S5) [53].
For the D9 mutant the following were selected: the flagellar biosynthetic protein FlhB (BCAL0140), the putative flagellar hook-length control protein (BCAL0520), the putative basal-body Rod modification protein (BCAL0566), two conserved hypothetical proteins (BCAM0726 and BCAM0727), and the putative response regulator BCAM1484 encoding genes.
Furthermore, the product of the fliK gene, FliK or flagellar hook-length control protein, binds to the self-cleavage C-terminal fragment of FlhB [24] and during flagellar assembly FliK is itself secreted subsequent to hook protein subunit secretion [41], [42].
These SNPs occurred in transcripts for genes encoding runt protein 1a, flagellar hook-length control protein, ubiquitin domain-containing protein ubfd1, paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 3, ankyrinn repeat and many unannotated genes.
