Our simulation studies indicate that the stable model estimates ancestral states with reduced error in comparison to the homogenous Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model, when traits evolve by accumulating increments from a probability distribution without fixed variance (Table 3).
Composite measures such as the Rockwood frailty index (Rockwood & Mitnitski, 2007) combine several of those clinical traits to form a more homogenous phenotype – frailty – from its diverse appearance.
This approach aimed at "dissecting" the AF trait by separating the offspring into homogenous subgroups using the 660 transcript profiles.
One popular homogenous model is the global Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of trait evolution [ 73], in which the direction and rate of evolution at any time depends upon a selection coefficient and the degree of deviation of the trait's current value from some global optimum or "phylogenetic mean".
For a relatively homogenous phenotype, studies of coronary artery calcification or studies about obesity traits (such as leptin or other anthropometric measures) were discarded either.
The primary objective of the study was to challenge the notion that risk taking populations are homogenous, and that risk taking in sport necessarily reflects the expression of trait sensation seeking.
Differences in macroalgal chemical traits between morphotypes were analysed using two-sample t-test when variances were homogenous or Welch's t-test otherwise.
Transcriptome data offer the possibility of dissecting such a complex trait in more elementary phenotypes (gene expressions correlated with the trait) and therefore make it possible to separate the population into genetically homogenous subgroups using transcriptome profiling.
As expected, these hESC and iPSC-derived neurons tend to take on an anterior and dorsal trait as judged by gene expression, yet these cultures are by no means homogenous.
Crops have traditionally been bred and selected for domestication traits, such as lack of seed dormancy, reduced seed dispersal, and non-shattering pods, apical dominance, homogenous fruit ripening, reduced competitive ability, and loss of self-incompatibility [ 2].
In the AN vs. HC contrast the covariates were total GMV and age, whereas in the relatively homogenous AN group, to compare RAN with BPAN, the covariates were GMV, age, BMI, years of education and trait anxiety.
