So, for example, to test whether the variable Suzy's throwing a rock caused the bottle to shatter, we should examine the process running from ST through SH to BS; hold fix at its actual value the variable BH which is extrinsic to this process; and then wiggle the variable ST to see if it changes the value of BS.
The resonance frequency spectrum is first derived for an m-layered Goupillaud-type elastic medium that is subjected to a discrete sinusoidal forcing function that varies harmonically with time at one end and held fixed at the other end.
Moreover, the temperature span was held fixed at 25 K, and the working temperature of the regenerator was shifted to study the sensitivity to the variation of the working conditions.
This part of analysis is thus physically unrealistic in that, during running with the wing held fixed at a particular β angle rather than actively moving up and down, no force would be available to produce the wing twisting that is being assumed to occur.
The reason for the two protocols' delay values gettIng closer is this UBsecondble to deliver more packetsethile unifofm-weighted TDMA hasimulationshem.
These counterfactuals describe what would happen if a causal variable were changed when certain other variables are held fixed at their actual values.
The input power (after accounting for on-chip coupling loss) is calibrated to be ({sim}100~mumbox{W}), and (V_{mathrm{filter}}) is held fixed at 1.4 V.
The radiographic setup parameters are held fixed at a tube voltage of 120 kV, current of 5.8 mA, and exposure time of 29 s.
The source 1 is held fixed at (62.6°, 58.7°) and the source 2 is moving from the location of source 1 linearly.
Cells in Region IV are in the refractory state, governed by (12) and (14), in which the voltage variable is held fixed at (V=V_{mathrm{r}}) for a total duration of length (tau_{mathrm{R}}).
The parameter values for the demographic change d y stemmed from predictions of demographic changes in Switzerland [26] (conservative scenario) and was held fixed at d y = −0.01234 per year.
