Historically, students have enjoyed two eras of significant grade inflation, during the Vietnam War and now.
Historically, students in the natural sciences were graded far more rigorously, for example, than their classmates in the humanities, a gap that has narrowed but that still exists.
Historically, students have had little ultrasound education and almost no hands-on scanning experience while in medical school.
Historically, students who pass the entrance exam and are recruited into the science teacher education programme have shown a rather low performance compared to other programmes, such as science, engineering and medicine.
Thus, although "mastery" typically represents a higher level of achievement than 55%, in our context where historically students were completing the course having "mastered" less than half of the course content, our operational definition of mastery was to have mastered over half of the content from every single unit.
Historically, students of color have been disproportionately suspended and expelled under zero tolerance policies.
Historically, students of dinosaur vertebral anatomy have referred to fossae appearing above and below the zygapophyses and diapophysis (e.g., "infradiapophyseal fossa" [17]; Table 1).
Educational institutions have historically tracked student attendance at extracurricular activities, like leadership seminars, events hosted by student-led clubs and organizations, concerts and other activities, because student engagement is tied to the school's retention rate — meaning the number of students who end up graduating.
In biology, two course-based active-learning interventions have been shown to reduce achievement gaps between historically underrepresented students and majority students.
Historically, a student's flat or house wasn't something any self-respecting parent would willingly set foot in, unless they could close their eyes to the peeling wallpaper, damp around the windows and disgusting state of the ancient cooker, not to mention the state of their son or daughter's room.
