Interestingly, after correction based on historical grades, it was the group of historically "below average" students that seem to benefit most from the use of the app, obtaining higher grades and having a lower risk of failing the final exam.
We have specifically chosen a cohort of cases diagnosed historically as grade III ductal carcinomas, not including any special subtypes such as metaplastic breast carcinoma or medullary carcinoma, because this is the group of tumours in which the majority of basal cases seem to arise [ 5].
Historically, students in the natural sciences were graded far more rigorously, for example, than their classmates in the humanities, a gap that has narrowed but that still exists.
Overall functional outcome can be quantified using established generic scales like the Barthel index (10 variables graded 1 to 10) [ 26], Karnofsky scale (11 grades), and the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS, 5 grades) [ 4]; historically, a five-tier grading system precursory of the GOS had already been proposed by Laurence in 1962 [ 1], and Resch also used a scale very similar to the GOS [ 27].
About one-quarter of the increase in grades from 1982 to 2001 was driven by changes in the courses selected by students; enrollment shifted toward historically 'easier-grading' departments over time, mechanically increasing average grades.
"Historically, below-investment-grade bonds tend to outperform higher-quality credits as the economic environment improves," she said, partly because issuers of junk bonds are typically highly leveraged and their debt burden decreases as business grows.
But Commissioner David Stern, whose N.B.A. has historically received higher grades than the other leagues, argued that Lapchick's good intentions — when carried to routine — missed the essential aim of fair-minded employment.
Historically, the default rate on investment-grade munis is less than a quarter of a percent, compared with almost 2percentt for corporate bonds.
The tumors that the researchers targeted in this study, historically known as low-grade gliomas, usually occur in patients between the ages of 20 and 40.
Progress monitoring, historically thought of as grading, is a system of assessments that provides performance feedback to students to help them know if they've achieved mastery of a concept or skill.
