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Historically, faced with technology that was a close substitute for labor, labor has ultimately done OK in the long run by specializing in what machines couldn't do (elasticity close to 1, very recent history notwithstanding).
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This information isn't surprising given that black girls have historically faced extreme inequality at school with little to remedy it.
Independent media has historically faced an uphill slog.
Historically, astronomers were faced with age estimates of globular clusters that appeared older than cosmological models would allow.
Many Iranians strongly dislike or even despise their government, but Iranians have historically rallied around unpopular governments when faced with an external threat.
"But when faced with intransigence of the type we have historically seen in Bangladesh on worker safety issues, we are convinced that systemic change will only occur when companies take action together".
Faced with a target that is beyond the ability of historically weak management to meet, what happened?
A punk-feminist collective, Pussy Riot is a band of political rebel-artists who, faced with years in a Russian prison, turn out to be courageous, self-possessed, and historically aware.
Faced with fixed costs like labor and rent and with food prices that must remain competitive, restaurants have historically tried to squeeze as much profit as they could out of wine.
Faced with a W.T.O.
For cash strapped government faced with rising costs and sluggish revenue, growth in innovation is the only answer for continued the provision of basic services – historically the domain of the government.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com