Historically, estimates of dVs/dT (the change in S-wave velocity with temperature) are made at ultrasonic frequencies and are of the order −0.20 to −0.32 m/s/K for a range of igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks, for example by comparing Vp/Vs of Christensen82 with P-wave derivatives Christensen and Mooney83.
Historically, estimates of sleep-related car crashes have likely been gross underestimates.
Historically, estimates of the burden of influenza disease have relied on modeling excess influenza-associated hospitalizations by using national hospital discharge data (13, 14 ).
Historically, estimates of the alcohol-attributable burden have been based on a conceptual Population-Attributable Fraction (PAF) model that combines Relative Risks (RRs) taken from meta-analyses [ 3, 4] with alcohol exposure estimates [ 5, 6].
A.D.H.D. has historically been estimated to affect 3 to 7percentt of children.
Analysts historically have estimated the value of BlackBerry's portfolio at $1 billion to $3 billion.
Despite the use of supportive care, historically an estimated 33 40 % of patients die or develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with the first clinical bout of aHUS [42].
Although physicians historically have estimated the degree of dehydration based on clinical gestalt, this study confirms the findings of previous evidence that physician gestalt is a poor predictor of significant dehydration in children.
Historically, an estimated fifteen to twenty million salmon passed through the falls every year, making it one of the greatest fishing sites in North America.
Historically, to estimate low-dose effects, regulators have used the so-called no observed effect levels (NOELs), no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs), lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) etc.
