To further benchmark our findings, we also estimated the expected distribution of repeated adaptive evolution if its occurrence was unrelated to the phylogenetic separation of taxa (i.e., historically contingent effects on the outcome of adaptation were absent).
Historically, wall effects in small-scale SBCR reactors (diameters less than 30 cm) have presented many challenges with regard to interpretation of kinetic/conversion data for process scale-up.
Historically, the effects of CR have been viewed as being associated with the aging process [ 1- 3].
A key source of evidence that present-day selection can override historically contingent effects comes from the repeated evolution of similar adaptations in different taxa.
"Say you're dosing animals with a chemical where, historically, an effect has not been seen below a dose of ten milligrams per kilogram," Bus explains.
Historically, side-effect profiles have limited the use of targeted AR therapies for breast cancer [ 21], but a more vexing problem has been the inability to predict response in pre-clinical models.
Historically, the Study effect has been considered a fixed effect not because of a strong argument that such effect is indeed fixed but because of our prior inability to efficiently solve even modest-sized mixed models (those containing both fixed and random effects).
Financial-Sector Effects Historically, high levels of unemployment have been closely associated with high levels of household loan defaults on credit cards, auto loans and home equity lines of credit.
Despite the wide regional variations in climate by latitude and other geographic factors, the long-term average global climate is quite stable during interglacial periods, and variations of a degree or two of average global temperature have historically had major effects on the ecological balance, and on the actual geography of the Earth.
Historically, the toxic effects of new chemicals and materials did not receive much consideration in the design process.
