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The figure shows that immigration predicted from historical settlement patterns is strongly correlated with actual immigration.
I address this issue by exploiting historical settlement patterns of immigrants in Italy by country of origin (e.g., Card ([10])).
I also estimate models that instrument for immigration using shares predicted from state-specific historical settlement patterns.
Following other studies in this literature, I take an enclave-based instrumental variables approach pioneered by Card (2001) which exploits historical settlement patterns of immigrants from different countries.
Nor does it tell us how the boundaries of these units should be drawn: should they be drawn as straight grid lines of latitude and longitude, or should they follow topography or historical settlement patterns?
If so, historical settlement patterns for all Southerners will be less contaminated with selection effects since they better-identify migrations motivated by enclaving behavior.14 Table 6 Annual wages and immigration: state-specific IV estimates Overall By race 1940 1950 1940 195050 Specification Black White Black White Black White Black Whitete (1) Prop.
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Such a hypothesis is extracted from the current settlement pattern in the region, as well as the historical settlement pattern evidenced by the village of Avkat.
Lime green bayous follow historical French settlement patterns along the Gulf Coast and up Louisiana streams.
The standard solution to this problem, first used by Altonji and Card (1991), is to predict immigration according to historical immigrant settlement patterns, then use these predictions to instrument for observed immigration.
It was this process that led us to consider historical population settlement patterns and topography, and to question the role of health service decision-making in shaping the trends that were found.
The application of the IFD to a sociopolitically complex case demonstrates its broad potential for understanding historical trajectories in settlement patterns throughout the world.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com