It will be recalled that the value-enhancing role of (union) collective voice hinges crucially in the model upon a constructive institutional response from management and a cooperative industrial relations environment.
Meanwhile, O9 and O10 are defined as the center of the U type hinges in the equivalent model of joint Y. Plane 3 is parallel to Plane 2, it also passes O7.
The plastic hinge formation in the model CD_FD is the same with that of the model CD.
Figure 16 depicts the plastic hinge formation in the model structures at the maximum inter-story drift of 2.5% of the story height.
Open image in new window Fig. 16 Plastic hinge formation in the model structures at the maximum inter-story drift ratio of 2.5%.
The possibility of generation of plastic hinges becomes prominent in the model where OGS columns are magnified with 2.5 times of storey forces.
The images, which hinge on the model's real eye and take off from there, remind us of what a Picasso painting might look like in real life.
Adding this hinge point to the model resulted in a significant improvement of the fitness over the null model where specialization (BSI) remains linear through time (ΔAIC = 13.28, see Table 2).
To that end, several non-linear analyses have been performed using the following plastic hinge models: the model included in the code FEMA-356 and two additional models developed by some researchers by using empirical expressions calibrated with different experimental data.
In the system of equations above, Equations 85, 86 correspond to Equations 66, 67, Equation 87 arises from the definition of the hinge area in the rectangle model, A H = xHB h H, Equations 88– 93 arise from the constitutive equations for the stress Equations 55– 57 in the hinge and blade, and Equations 92, 93 correspond to the stress boundary conditions Equations 71, 72.
The interpretation of parameter MLEs therefore hinges on their position relative to 1 and on the other parameters in the model.
