His-ubiquitin precipitation assays were performed, under both non-reducing and highly reducing conditions, as previously described with minor alterations (Vosper et al., 2009).
All living cells, whether aerobic or anaerobic, contain components such as reduced flavins that are both highly reducing and capable of reacting rapidly with O2 to produce superoxide.
Cluster analysis revealed that a highly reducing PKS (GLPKS17) was proximal to a non-reducing PKS (GLPKS16) in the same cluster (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
The gene sorbA-encodes a highly reducing iterative PKS while SorbB encodes a non-reducing iterative PKS which features a reductive release domain usually involved in the production of polyketide aldehydes.
When glucose was abundant and the system was maintained under a highly reducing environment, XT15 cells yielded 2,3-butanediol to store the reduced force.
This shift, eventually, result in a highly reducing atmosphere.
Here, bank-filtration leads to highly reducing conditions in the aquifer.
Simultaneous redox measurements indicated moderate to highly reducing conditions (− 0.2 to − 0.3 V).
The main argument against this hypothesis is the highly reducing conditions required to reduce chromium from its ore in the first instance18,19.
Furthermore, the oxidation of glycerol results in the generation of highly reducing R-hydroxyalkyl radicals that are able to also reduce DCIP.
By means of first principles calculations we show that graphene binds strongly to native iron surfaces highly reducing their surface energy.
