Certain genera of Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter, and Heliobacterium, can form highly resistant, dormant structures called endospores.
Bacillus is defined as a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that can be aerobic or facultative anaerobic [ 1] and produces highly resistant dormant endospores in response to nutritional or environmental stresses [ 2].
This highly resistant dormant state permits survival in hostile conditions (e.g. oxygen, absence of nutrients, heat treatment, desiccation, high pressure, toxic chemicals) that would be lethal to vegetative cells.
In the environment, B. anthracis primarily exists as a dormant, highly stable spore, which is central to the ecology, evolution, and contemporary weaponization of this pathogen.
In the past, it was thought that in the environment, B. anthracis strains primarily exist as a dormant, highly stable spore and vegetative cells are limited to the stages inside the host [6].
Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of anthrax, persists in the environment as a dormant, highly stable spore.
The bldG mRNA was highly abundant in dormant spores and as well as SigH, its level decreased in t1-t2 interval (4×) and remained constant until the end.
For example, dehydrins are proteins that strongly contribute to resistance against oxidative, osmotic and pH stress and they are highly expressed in dormant conidia [ 2].
Genetically modified pollen-donor rice plants can transfer GM traits to red rice receptor plants by what we call direct gene flow; this subsequently results in highly shattered and dormant GM red rice seeds.
When cultivars were pooled based on fall dormancy group, the non-fall dormant and highly non-fall dormant groups showed a significant decrease in shoot mass per plant when exposed to a water deficit compared with the fully watered plants.
