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Species dominating in highly disturbed environments are either characterized by trait combinations allowing them to persist in a 'human disturbance trap', or they are actively protected.
In the Lower Athabasca region of Alberta Canadaa), surface mining for bitumen from oil sands creates highly disturbed environments, which need to be restored, after mine closing, to equivalent land capability in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem services.
"Thin, cheaply built leaves (low leaf mass per area) are typically associated with plants with fast growth rates, and plants like these are usually most competitive in highly disturbed environments such as riparian corridors because their rapid growth allows them to be more opportunistic".
Facilitation by nurse plants has been advocated in vegetation restoration projects, in highly disturbed environments (Brooker et al., 2008), and arid tropical and Mediterranean regions (Vieira et al., 1994; Gómez-Aparicio et al., 2004).
This study shows that the concept of generalist/specialist species is particularly relevant to understand the effect of anthropogenic disturbances on the evolution of plant community composition and that ecological theories developed in stable environments are valid in highly disturbed environments such as agro-ecosystems.
It occurs naturally in highly disturbed environments with little competition, but it can readily be used in competition studies because genotypes can differ greatly in biomass, seed production, resource requirements and competitive ability (Cahill et al., 2005; Masclaux et al., 2010).
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The highly disturbed urban environments were also generally characterised by a few dominant species and species capable of flight, while suburban and rural areas were characterised by larger-sized species and species incapable of flight.
This could account (in part) for some of the onerous and often costly procedures required when applying conventional restoration approaches (usually reserved for less assertive disturbance impacts) to highly disturbed post-mining environments (Gardner and Bell 2007; Koch 2007).
It is worth noting that vigilance duration was lower for ducks of G2 (highly disturbed group) during the week of disturbance, whereas the decrease in preening duration was highest for ducks of G1 (moderately disturbed group).
In fragile or highly disturbed systems, monitoring using destructive techniques may interfere with the environment or add to the burden of disturbance.
Unfortunately, directly assessing the importance of cell aggregations to resistance is extremely difficult: P. aeruginosa forms aggregations even in constantly disturbed environments (shaken tubes [ 18]) making it hard to find a biofilm-free control environment.
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