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For the case of the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, with the aid of molecular dynamics simulations, we have demonstrated that the kinetics of the relaxation of the internal motions is highly concerted, manifesting the protein's heterogeneity, which may arise from variations in density, local packing, or the local energy landscape.
This permeation mechanism is different from that of the potassium channels where K+ ions move in a highly concerted manner, and is therefore proposed as a loosely coupled knock-on mechanism.
Retrovirus assembly and budding is a highly concerted process mediated by largely undefined spatially- and temporally-regulated interactions between viral proteins and cellular factors.
Highly concerted protein and mRNA expression levels will typically result from synergistic transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation.
It is widely accepted that functionally related genes tend to express and perform their highly concerted cellular functions in some isolated and interactive modular fashions [ 1, 2].
Extensive studies on primed differentiation of murine embryonic stem (ES) and adult stem cells have established that efficient stem cell maintenance requires a highly concerted regulation of gene expression, involving both coding genes and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs).
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The complexity of retinal processing of visual data is summarized by Field and Chichilnisky who note that: 'retinal spike trains are significantly more complex than was commonly appreciated, exhibiting surprisingly precise spike timing and highly structured concerted activity in different cells' [1, p. 2].
The sequences of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) units within the array are homogenized by highly efficient concerted evolution, resulting in very little sequence variation among the different copies (Ganley and Kobayashi 2007, 2011).
However, to date, there is no clear explanation on how the sequence of the rDNA unit escaped from the highly efficient concerted evolutionary mechanisms that keep it so well conserved.
Although we cannot completely exclude simultaneous reactivation of persistent viruses, perhaps restricted to specific anatomical sites, as a major driver for the activation of the respective CD4+ T cells, this seems rather unlikely as we observed a highly synchronous, concerted activation of herpes virus family-specific and HIV-specific CD4+ T cells following ART interruption.
Simultaneously, the distinct genome clusters were independently homogenized, resulting in the maintenance of clusters of highly similar repeats through concerted evolution.
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