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In general, electroporation offers the highest transformation efficiency, and is especially useful when small quantities of DNA are transformed.
The hypervirulent A. tumefaciens strain AGL1 carrying the binary vector pDM805 containing the bar gene under the control of the Ubi1 promoter and the uidA gene driven by Act1 promoter was used for transforming four different explant types of which somatic embryos gave the highest transformation frequency [ 47].
To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest transformation efficiency that has been reported for Dietzia bacteria to date.
Testing of different T-DNA element vectors engineered for transformation of fungi showed that pBHt2 provides the highest transformation efficiency and the lowest rate of vector backbone carryover.
The [111] orientation exhibited the highest experimental transformation strains (6.64%) in tension while the [001] provides the highest transformation strains in compression (5.34%).
The highest transformation strains are found under pseudoelasticity for the [0 0 1] orientation in tension and compression as 6.2% and 4.1% respectively.
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The latter approach yields higher transformation efficiency (4~5 transformants per μg of DNA), but the former has the potential to mass-produce competent cells for future needs.
In conclusion, with the optimized approach, a high transformation efficiency of 145 transformants per 10 conidia was obtained.
In general, higher transformation frequencies were observed in E. coli O157 H7 9×1022 to 1.25×104 transformants/µg) than in Salmonella (1.2×102 to 1.4×103 transformants/µg).
A maximum number of transformants with a minimal amount of DNA requires a high transformation efficiency.
High transformation efficiency and accuracy were achieved as ~63% of the transformants was confirmed to be correct.
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