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In each scenario, ORD achieves the highest network lifetime among all protocols.
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This strategy improves the reliability of data transmission while maintaining high network lifetime.
When the traffic load is high, network lifetime of ORD and ORIA is comparable, but ORIA produces 10% of late packets while achieving this lifetime.
Therefore, using larger transmit power and larger distance between nodes can still maintain a higher network lifetime and data transmission reliability.
For nodes closer to the sink, the optimized relay nodes need to be selected before forwarding so as to save energy and maintain high network lifetime.
Results show that enabling such multi-hop connections entails higher network lifetimes, reducing significantly the bottleneck consumption in LPWANs with up to thousands of STAs.
Table 5 Comparison results between MI-DARE, DARE, and M-ATTEMPT Metric MI-DARE DARE M-ATTEMPT Stability period Highest Moderate Least Network lifetime Highest Moderate Least Energy consumption Least Moderate Highest Packet delivery ratio High High Moderate End-to-end delay Highest High Least .
The proposed scheme can attain a higher end-to-end network reliability, and longer network lifetime with high energy efficiency.
Simulation results show very high levels of improvements in network lifetime, data delivery and energy consumption compared to static and random mobile BS network models.
Thus, the need to propose a frequency-agile design leads to rapid development of Cognitive Radio (CR) in WSN, which can flexibly choose their spectrum of transmission, regulate their transmit power, and thereby support high-bandwidth applications with enhanced network lifetime.
Then, a joint power control and maximally disjoint routing scheme is proposed for routing data traffic with minimum rate constraint while maintaining high energy efficiency and prolonged network lifetime.
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