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Since 'required education' is measured as the average education of people in each occupation, individuals with the highest level of qualifications must be employed in an occupation for which 'required education' is less, i.e. they must be overqualified, while those with the lowest level of qualifications can only be underqualified.
In PIAAC, respondents were asked "What was the area of study, emphasis or major for your highest level of qualification?
Part one of the survey asked for basic personal information, such as their age, highest level of qualification and subject and high school qualifications.
'Highest level of qualification' is derived from responses to census questions on the highest year of school completed and level of highest non-school qualification.
Models were analysed with and without adjusting for highest level of qualification as it was thought that formal training may be a potential confounder influencing outcomes.
Practitioner characteristics examined in the study were: average caseloads, years of professional experience, highest level of qualification and attitudes to research.
Almost all the websites studied provided some detail of qualifications of the surgeons (191, 98.5%), with the majority (185, 95.4%) stating their highest level of qualification as Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS).
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Terminologist and Q/A Analyst @ Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union