For the education variable, the highest level of educational attainment was used and grouped into: "no education", "elementary level", and "secondary level or higher".
In the current study, education was measured as a categorical variable where participants were asked to specify their highest level of educational attainment (primary, high school, higher education diplomas and degrees).
Compared with those with Internet access, participants without Internet access were older (no access: mean age ± s.d. 75.1 ± 7.3 years; Internet access: 69.0 ± 9.8; p < 0.0001), less educated (high school as highest level of educational attainment 57.6% vs. 33.5%, p < 0.0001), and had lower income ($30,000 or below 68.2% vs. 41.1%, p < 0.0001).
Based on their highest level of educational attainment respondents were put into categories of those with no formal education and those who had primary, secondary or higher than secondary level education.
Parental education as a proxy for socio-economic status (the highest level of educational attainment by either of the two parents), Current smoking status and Family history of allergies (father, mother, sibling- ever had asthma, eczema or allergic rhinitis) were also recorded.
The highest level of educational attainment was associated with lower disengagement, while this was not the case for a medium educational level.
Last year, 43% of 18- to 34-year-olds read literature, outmatched only by 65- to 74-year-olds (at 49%)—early-wave Boomers well known for their high level of educational attainment and penchant for high culture.
Given the high level of educational attainment of immigrants (and in particular the high concentration of engineers),8 it is natural to think that there may be a causal link between immigrant employment and growth in the manufacturing sector.
