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Over expression of WHSC1L1 elicited the highest glucose uptake in the absence of insulin, 2.03 mg/ml/106 cells.
Insulin, the positive control, significantly (p<0.001) enhanced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes withethighestest glucose uptake of 15.8 ± 1.8 μg/ml (23.7 ± 2.1%) at the concentration 10 μM while the uptake in the DMSO treated cells was 4.3 ± 0.9 μg/ml (6.5 ± 1.1%).
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Previous reports have shown that a high glucose uptake is required for T cell activation [26].
These data suggest that as metastatic tumors evolve through the acquisition of new mutations towards more advanced stages of the metastatic process, which seem to require a higher glucose uptake, they also generate neoantigens capable of inducing effective T cell responses which may compete with the tumor for a higher glucose uptake.
More importantly, if one considers that net glucose uptake is by part driven by an intracellular/extracellular concentration gradient, then lower intracellular metabolite levels should lead to a higher glucose uptake.
At this stage macrophages (M1) rapidly switch from a resting state to a highly activated state, using glycolysis and high glucose uptake to cover their energy demand and to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (O'Neill and Hardie 2013).
The molecular and functional evidences that support the high glucose uptake and the "abnormal" aerobic glycolysis of the carcinomas are detailed discussing also the role that some oncogenes and tumor suppressors have in these pathways.
We overview past and present evidences that sustain that mitochondria of the cancer cell are impaired, supporting the original Warburg's formulation that ascribed the high glucose uptake of cancer cells to a defective mitochondria.
To determine whether Mstn−/− mice have higher glucose uptake than Mstn+/+ mice, we carried out a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp experiment.
Besides BAT, there was no tissue showing higher glucose uptake in KRAP−/− mice relative to wild-type mice as far as we examined (Figure 5F).
As the 18F-FDG dose used in the analysis had no effect on pancreatic insulin secretion, the higher glucose uptake in BAT of KRAP−/− mice is insulin-independent.
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