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The Chi-Pr (15 wt.%) complex had the highest fluoride removal efficiency (72.0%).
Red lateritic soil has the highest fluoride removal capacity because it has oxide of aluminium and iron as its major components.
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At acidic pH, fine coke and bituminous coal showed higher fluoride removal from water.
Experiments showed that refractory grade bauxite had high fluoride removal efficiency in comparison to other three adsorbents.
Rare earth oxide-based materials have shown high fluoride removal efficiency in batch mode but these materials have been found very expensive.
Recently, iron oxide based nanocomposite was developed and found to have high fluoride removal capacity (~97 %) at a contact time of 60 min [6].
At very low and very high pH, fluoride removal efficiency was affected.
At low pH and high temperature, fluoride removal occurred.
Also, the other poly o-phenetidine-co-o-anisidine/Fe3O4), under the controlled conditions of poly o-phenetidine-co-o-anisidine/Fe3O4 1.06 V, shows a high ability in fluoride removal of 71.76% and after three successive cycles still has a fluoride removal ability of 16%.
At higher flow rate, fluoride removal capacity decreases and breakthrough becomes steeper and fluoride removal capacity is lesser due to shorter residence time of solute in the column, because of which, fluoride solution elutes the column before fluoride adsorption equilibrium occurs.
Ayoob et al. (2008) assessed the conceptual overview on sustainability of different defluoridation technologies and indicated that despite the fact that membrane and electrochemical techniques have high capacity of fluoride removal they are not widely used because they are costly and energy intensive.
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