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The device based on NDI-TR had the highest fill factor (0.69) and power conversion efficiency (3.07%) among fullerene-free organic solar cells with NDI small molecule acceptors.
The CB counter electrode with the particle size of 20 nm and the thickness of 9 μm for DSC shows the energy conversion efficiency of 7.2% with the highest fill factor (FF) of 65.6%, which is similar to the Pt counter electrode with FF of 65.8% and the efficiency of 7.6%.
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The Rashba spin splitting of the highest filled band differs from the splitting of the second highest filled band.
The highest filled band is called the valence band.
At the band gap (M point), the two highest filled bands split in direction of the Γ point.
From the various package forms, the line for filling plastic bottles is considered as the one showing the highest filling speed and the most complex setup conditions.
MR219, the popular cultivar in Malaysia, had greater assimilate remobilization pattern during grain growth and development resulting in the highest filled grain percentage with low grain sterility.
Within 20 DAF, the majority of the grains in superior spikelets were filled up at the highest rate and then the filling rate dropped to a level that is comparable to the highest filling rate of the inferior grains.
The highest filled grain percentage was recorded in MR219 (79.2%) and this genotype also showed the lowest partially filled (12.4%) and unfilled grains (8.4%) followed by RM109 (75.16.16.1, and 8.8% for filled, partially filled, and unfilled grains, resp).
Peng, Y. et al. High open-circuit voltage, high fill factor single-junction organic solar cells.
Furthermore, a higher fill factor limit due to an increasing pseudo fill factor towards increasing irradiance is observed.
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