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Within each RECPAM class, the AUC ranged from 0.64 in class I with the highest executive cognitive impairment (cut-off score of 16.5) to 0.82 in class 4 with the lowest executive cognitive impairment (cut-off score of 17.5).
Class 1 represented the patient subgroup with the lowest standardised mean EI (and thus with the highest executive cognitive impairment), whereas class 4 represented the patient subgroup with the highest standardised mean EI (and thus with the lowest executive cognitive impairment).
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Interestingly, we could demonstrate that exposure to blue-enriched light was most effective in enhancing cognitive performance for tasks of sustained attention, while no apparent benefit seemed to occur for higher executive cognitive tasks, such as the PVSAT.
At the neuronal level, these deficits are typically, but not exclusively, mediated by disruption of parallel corticostriatal loops that integrate motor information with sensory and higher order, "executive" cognitive functions.
Increased performance in selective attention and executive cognitive function for example – achieved through resistance training - has been related to higher walking velocity [ 98], which in turn relates to improved EFs [ 113].
Frontoparietal connections underlie key executive cognitive functions.
Trail Making Test (TMT) [ 60]: The TMT is a frequently used measure of executive cognitive functions.
Planning and problem-solving can be conceived as higher executive functions, which require the integration of basic cognitive functions [ 30].
While cognitive tasks associated with sustained attention can improve under short-wavelength light exposure, there remains some controversy with respect to higher executive functioning.
Breakdown in higher order cognitive (executive) abilities is virtually always present in patients with established Alzheimer's disease, in agreement with impairments of the frontal lobes (Perry and Hodges, 1999; Hodges, 2006; Schroeter et al., 2009).
There is evidence of structural change in the prefrontal cortex, which is the area that governs what we call executive function, higher order cognitive skills like planning.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com