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Paramedic/nursing students recorded the highest empathy scores and nurses scored the lowest.
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Emotions on high, empathy engaged, we become primed to help.
The reverse held true for people with high empathy, who were mostly women.
When he was just three, his preschool teachers told us that he had very high empathy levels for his age, and a caring nature: he would always be the first to console an upset child, he is very good at sharing and is very thoughtful.
Perhaps high empathy subjects believe that if they escape they will continue to be troubled by the thought or memory of the distressed target.
It is, of course, an empirical question whether high empathy subjects make the out of sight, out of mind assumption, either consciously or unconsciously, and Batson might protect his argument from our critique by showing that high empathy subjects do make the assumption in experimental situations like those he has used.
But if people do not make the out of sight, out of mind assumption when they have high empathy for the target, then the aversive-arousal reduction hypothesis predicts that high empathy subjects will be inclined to help in both easy and difficult escape conditions, since helping is the only effective strategy for reducing the aversive arousal.
The results indicated that both high empathy subjects and low empathy subjects were motivated to process the persuasive messages, suggesting that both groups followed the central route to processing.
So one popular egoist hypothesis has been dealt a serious blow: high empathy subjects were more likely to help whether or not they could expect their behavior to be socially scrutinized.
According to their suggestions, conditions of high empathy are also conditions of increased "interpersonal unity, wherein the conception of self and other are not distinct but are merged to some degree" (Cialdini et al. 1997, 490).
They reasoned that, under these circumstances, even if high empathy subjects had an ultimate desire to help, this desire might well be overridden by the desire to avoid a series of very painful shocks.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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