Previous studies have inferred a high contraction rate of approximately 1.0 μstrain/year with a clockwise rotation of 14.5° 27.1°/myr, and right-lateral shearing from sparse global positioning system (GPS) horizontal velocities in the fold-and-thrust belt of SW Taiwan (Bos et al. 2003; Chang et al. 2003; Ching et al. 2007, 2011b; Hsu et al. 2009).
In 1949, Patten first observed that in the chick heart the most recent cardiomyocytes added to the venous pole possess an intrinsically higher contraction rate than the part of the cardiac tube already formed.
The high spontaneous contraction rate in Dupuytren's fibroblasts was completely blocked by cotreatment with SB431542 and PD98059.
In summary, this research demonstrated that: (i) SIS gel can be used to create contractile engineered cardiac tissue; (ii) SIS gel produced engineered cardiac tissues with a more physiological contraction rate and higher phenotypic protein expression based on the basic in vitro examinations performed in this study.
Western blot analysis revealed that application of CvME significantly increased (P < 0.05) the expression of COL3A1 and bFGF protein in wound granulation tissue, thus further confirming the above findings of faster wound contraction rate and higher hydroxyproline content.
Despite significant quadriceps weakness (p ≤.0001), MS patients had a significantly higher reflex gain (p =.0002) and contraction rate (p =.0002), and shorter reflex loop delay (p =.0046), indicating hyperexcitability of motoneurons and peripheral receptors, and indicating that relatively more of the muscle was activated reflexively, with greater recruitment of larger fast-twitch fibers.
These findings confirmed that the Smad-mediated mechanism is involved in the increased COL3A1 expression, higher hydroxyproline content, and faster wound contraction rate that contributes to overall improved histopathology during wound repair process.
Substrate elasticity dependent beat frequency analyses as done elsewhere (Bajaj et al., 2010; Engler et al., 2008) were not performed here due to the naturally high differences of contraction rates between cardiomyocyte subtypes (Joyner et al., 2007; Watanabe et al., 1983).
If the atrial contraction occurs before the E′ wave reaches its peak, the diastolic wave will be a summation of early ventricular relaxation rate and atrial contraction rate, which will be higher than each of the isolated E′ and A′ waves.
Vaginal and abdominal explants were of comparable thickness, though the contraction rate was almost three times higher in vaginal explants (p = 0.0008).
