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Three of these studies [ 15, 16, 18] found an inverse association with isoflavone intake, with approximately 50% reduced risk for the highest category of consumption compared to the lowest.
Compared with the lowest category (median consumption 0 cups/day), the pooled RR for incident type 2 diabetes for individuals in the highest category of consumption (5 cups/day) was 0.70 (95% CI 0.65 0.75, I = 50%, P for heterogeneity = 0.001).
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The absence of an effect for the highest categories of consumption fails to support the former explanation, which would be consistent with eating for longer periods of time including the 1970s when fish were most contaminated.
For studies which solely reported categories of cigarette consumption, we used the highest category of cigarette consumption for the analyses.
Compared the lowest category of coffee consumption, the pooled RR of gastric cancer was 1.13 (95 % CI: 0.94 1.35) for the highest category of coffee consumption.
Women in the highest category of vegetable consumption also had a lower prevalence of oral contraceptive use compared with those in the lowest category.
The interaction between ADH1B genotype and alcohol intake was borderline statistically significant for the highest category of alcohol consumption (P=0.05) but not for low or moderate levels.
For the female participants, women in the highest category of SB consumption were more frequently smokers and were less active than women in the lowest category of SB consumption (Table 2).
Even more, contrary to other studies, frequent alcohol consumption (4 times and over/week) was not significantly associated with hypertension but misclassification bias could hinder detection of an elevated odds ratio in the highest category of alcohol consumption.
From the lowest to the highest category of egg consumption, crude incidence rates of diabetes were 35.8, 41.3, 42.7, 46.8, 62.4, and 67.0 cases per 10,000 person-years in the PHS I.
However, an association between rs1229984 A-allele carriage with HDL cholesterol was observed in the highest category of alcohol consumption, but in the opposite direction to that expected from observational findings (0.04 (0.02 to 0.06) mmol/L; fig S8 of appendix).
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