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This is likely to reflect IS elements having a comparatively higher transposition rate, while also being removed more quickly by selection.
In a direct comparison of the four different transposable systems Sleeping-beauty, Tol2, Mos1 and piggyBac in four mammalian cell lines, piggyBac demonstrated significantly higher transposition activity in all lines [ 16].
However, transpositions did seem to increase due to the presence of T-DNA (in strains VOT and VXT), and oncogenes did not seem to contribute to higher transposition rates.
We report the identification of the shortest piggyBac TRDs, micro-PB, which have a higher transposition efficiency in HEK 293 than that of the previously reported piggyBac minimal terminal repeat domains, mini- piggyBac.
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To try to find out why, they mated flies that had this high "transposition rate" with ones from a line known to have a low rate of transposition.From these matings, they generated 100 hybrid lines, each with a different combination of genes from the parents.
Nevertheless, unless Galileo has an unusually high transposition rate, this explanation is insufficient because Galileo is not the only TE family transpositionally active in the D. buzzatii genome (at least another eight TE families must be active; Table 3).
However the EZ-Tn5 system possesses two important advantages, i) a high transposition frequency (e.g., reportedly ∼100-fold higher than phage Mu-based systems) and ii) the highest degree of "randomness" for insertions among commercially-available transposition systems, including phage Mu (www.epibio.com).
We have demonstrated that piggyBac and Tol2 display high transposition activity in several cell lines [ 15].
The highest transposition activity was reached with SB100 using 150 ng of donor plasmid for 1.5 μg of helper plasmid.
It has also been suggested that they exhibit particularly high transposition frequencies, although little direct evidence of transposition exists [ 49, 57].
Therefore, any standard reconstruction of an ancient protease ancestral to proteases encoded by these elements would be biased towards families that had high transposition rate.
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