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In the forward primer, a Sal I recognition site and two mismatch nucleotides (from AA to cc) were added for cloning and higher translation efficiency, respectively.
Consistent with previous report, capped polyadenylated cyclin D1 mRNA had significantly higher translation efficiency in comparison to that of uncapped non-polyadenylated cyclin D1 mRNA (Fig. 5A, compare lane 6 to lane 2).
Genes in Group I have significantly higher translation efficiency in A. gossypii than those in yeasts.
333 genes (Group I) and 552 genes (Group II) have significantly higher translation efficiency in A. gossypii and yeasts, respectively.
These genes are enriched for translation and ribosome biosynthesis processes and have higher translation efficiency scores, smaller coding sequences and 3′ UTR sizes and lower folding energies when compared to other datasets.
Our studies of orthologous genes among A. gossypii and several yeast species show higher translation efficiency of cell cycle genes in A. gossypii, which is consistent with more complicated cell cycle processes in this multicellular organism.
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Because the expected higher translation efficiencies of these genes is due to increased elongation rates, and if the initiation rate is the same, the increased elongation rate should decrease ribosome density.
The reporter with TMV UTRs was stimulated 12-fold by a cap, but the omega sequence stimulated translation so efficiently that even the uncapped version was 74% as efficient as uncapped TLucT, the mRNA that exhibited the highest translation efficiency among all uncapped mRNAs tested in this experiment.
Further analysis indicates that among 16 staphylococcal phages, 44AHJD, P68 and K may be extremely virulent in nature as most of their genes have high translation efficiency.
Our analysis not only confirmed the strong correlation between codon usage frequencies and translation efficiency, but also showed that more usage of which codon will result in high translation efficiency.
In both Gladiolus and Arabidopsis the highest translation efficiency was with the 1.9 kb promoter (G1-1), and efficiency was negligible with the promoter and 5′UTR (G1-3).
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