However, when disaggregated at provincial level, the proportion of female notified cases in the two western provinces were higher than male notified cases, discordant with the findings for the eastern provinces, where male notified cases were higher than female notified cases.
Many countries have observed pertussis is under-reported and under-diagnosed [ 29], for example, the estimated incidence rates of infection is more than 600-times higher than the notified cases numbers in Netherland [ 17].
For household contacts without symptom, the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (1,483 per 100,000 populations) was 20 times higher than the notified rate (73 per 100,000 populations) and the prevalence of smear positive cases (290 per 100,000 populations) was 7 times higher than the notification rate (43 per 100,000 populations).
Pakistan poses a rich territory for future research into the topic as it is neighboured by Afghanistan and Iran on the west, both of which have higher female notified TB cases than males (MFR: 0·50: 1·00 & 0·90: 1·00, respectively) compared to India on the east, where notified TB cases are higher in males than females (MFR: 2·30: 1·00) [ 1, 8].
Our population-based study indicates that hospital-related morbidity overall and for non alcoholic liver disease is considerably higher in notified cases with HCV than in those with chronic HBV and that the gap in morbidity associated with these conditions is widening.
In 2002, the surveillance system was fully established resulting in a higher number of notified cases.
It is shown that the eBT-COMAC provides enhanced system performance about 58% higher than IEEE 802.11 WLAN (notified as "ana-dcf" in this figure).
Among the data collected from the main laboratories testing for measles IgM antibodies, the number of patients with measles-positive results was 1.5× higher than the number of notified cases.
This would translate into over 10,500 cases of chlamydia among Victorian women aged 15 24 years in 2004 (and 10,900 cases in men of the same age), which is considerably higher than the 7694 cases notified among both men and women of any age in Victoria that year [ 2], highlighting that notification data considerably underestimate of the true number of individuals infected.
Intuitively, years with relatively high number of notified cases would be associated with a stronger infection pressure than years with fewer notified cases.> Basic parameters are those model parameters to which a prior distribution is assigned (see Table 1), and include age-group dependent conditional probabilities and detection probabilities.
