PETROSYANTS: The scientific and technological level and the designs of nuclear power plants are characterized by a high technological level.
Despite of the wide literature on theoretical and experimental methods for increasing engine power, there is a general lack of data about tests on racing engine performance due to the obvious manufacturers' reluctance to spread information, especially for recent high technological level applications.
If exporting country i has a high technological level, commodity k is produced with a high material-use efficiency.
In the second class, either the exporting country i or the importing country j does not have a high technological level or advanced social systems.
In addition, even when country j consumes commodity k, it has a high technological level for recovering resources from spent products, such as mobile phones.
This means that even if there are a few companies with a high technological level in a country, if the most of companies have a low technological level, the overall level of the country is defined as low.
However, determining when to characterize material-use efficiency as being superior or inferior to the previous case (yellow flow) in which the importing country has a low technological level and the exporting country has a high technological level is not straightforward.
Even if commodity k is subsequently used more extensively with a high material-use efficiency in the importing country j with a high technological level, the material-use efficiency between the two countries for the amount of metal t ij (k ) moved is considered to be only moderate.
The bottleneck mainly exists in the following aspects: low technological level, insufficient technology investment, restricted innovation ability, weak equipment manufacturing ability and high dependence on foreign imports.
Domestic patent data show peculiarities in the Brazilian case, possibly shared with other countries in similar technological level: (a) high share of individual patents; (b) foreign-owned firms with important activities; (c) low firm involvement in R&D activities.
