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Higher rates of miscarriages (11.5% versus 7.0%, P=0.013) and preterm births (22.7% versus 10.8%, P<0.001) were observed among the GCS exposed group compared to the controls.
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Twins who survive their much higher rates of miscarriage are often born early and small, which puts them at higher risk of cerebral palsy, low IQ and even death during their first year.
The clinical and molecular data indicate that implantation is not affected by adenomyosis, but higher rates of miscarriage were associated with this condition leading to lower term pregnancies.
They also have higher rates of miscarriage, stillbirth and pre-eclampsia during pregnancy.
In addition, studies have shown that women whose husbands are exposed to toxic substances suffer higher rates of miscarriage - are we going to start arresting these men for not quitting their jobs in certain industries?
Harris reported higher rates of miscarriage after exposure and infection in the earliest months of pregnancy in the Spanish influenza outbreak of 1918 (subtype H1N1) (5 ).
Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with higher rates of miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, preterm labour and higher rates of fetal malformation [ 13]; neural tube defect, urinary tract disorder, macrosomia, birth injury, and perinatal mortality [ 14].
Diabetes in pregnancy is also associated with higher rates of miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, preterm labour and higher rates of fetal malformation [ 97]; neural tube defect, urinary tract disorder, macrosomia, birth injury, and perinatal mortality.
Based on our review of the literature and our conceptual model (see Methods), we hypothesised that physical and sexual abuse would be causally related to higher rates of miscarriage but that verbal abuse would not be so related.
Other adverse complications identified infrequently included higher rates of miscarriage, increased rates of unplanned caesarean section, general unspecified obstetric complications, maternal morbidity or mortality, conditions of fatigue, high cholesterol, decreased cardiac fitness, post natal depression and chronic diseases later in life and excessive weight in the post partum period.
In addition, factors such as ethnic origin, psychological state of the mother, very low or very high pre-pregnancy BMI, feelings of stress, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, smoking and alcohol consumption have also been associated with significantly higher rates of miscarriage (Coste et al., 1991; Nielsen et al., 2001; Sopori, 2002; Lashen et al., 2004; Maconochie et al., 2007).
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