Exact(4)
The allele with the higher population frequency was overtransmitted in the TDT analysis, whereas one might expect a rare recessive allele to confer susceptibility to an uncommon phenotype such as CHD.
This indicates that, in general, the fact that a TE insertion is chimeric does not increase the likelihood that it is at higher population frequency and is therefore potentially adaptive.
Therefore, the ethnic characteristic of the German population might contribute to the significant associations observed in the study, because the detection of potential influences of genetic parameters on disease course and susceptibility is facilitated by a higher population frequency.
The higher population frequency of DNA and non-LTR elements relative to LTR elements may be related to the fact that they are in general shorter (Kaminker et al. 2002) and that shorter TE insertions are predicted to be less deleterious under models that posit TE evolution is controlled by genome compaction (Fontanillas et al. 2007) or ectopic exchange (Petrov et al. 2003).
Similar(56)
The weaker constraint is evident in the higher density and higher population frequencies of nSNPs in younger genes.
This empirical evidence supports evolutionary models that predict higher population frequencies for alleles experiencing asymmetric selection pressures across the sexes [ 7].
Mutations after the sweep will quickly outnumber the few that happened early during the sweep, but they will drift to higher population frequencies comparatively slowly.
This is because such alleles evolve into higher population frequencies for a given effect size, relative to alleles experiencing equally strong purifying selection in both sexes.
For example, the Lyt1 element family has higher copy numbers in the selfing members of the genus [ 27, 39], and copia-like insertions are generally found at higher population frequencies in selfers [ 40].
Added to this disease risk profile of the ApoE4 allele, the GeHA study of nonagenarian siblings (Beekman et al. 2013), clearly replicated the known stratification of ApoE frequencies North South in Europe with higher population frequencies of ApoE4 in Northern Europe compared to Southern countries.
Second, population genetics theory predicts that mutations with asymmetric or opposing effects on male and female fitness can reach higher population frequencies than mutations under similar patterns of selection in both sexes (e.g., Haldane 1937, 1962; Kidwell et al. 1977; Hansen and Price 1999; Morrow et al. 2008; Whitlock and Agrawal 2009).
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