Compared to more traditional types of plant mutation techniques, using x-rays or gamma rays, plants need to be exposed to only a low dosage of powerful heavy ion beams for a short time — seconds and minutes instead of hours, days or weeks — for a high likelihood of mutation to occur.
Individuals infected with CagA-positive H. pylori show a higher likelihood of harboring p53 mutations [ 98, 99].
In addition, the cag PAI also contributes to p53 inactivation because individuals infected with H pylori cagA strains have a higher likelihood of harboring p53 mutations [ 41].
There was no indication of an increased risk with higher likelihood of being a mutation carrier.
The combined group of likely mutation carriers (probabilities of 0.67, 0.50 and 0.25) had a marginally significant, modest 60% increase in the risk for breast cancer, but no increase in risk with higher likelihood of being a mutation carrier (Table 1).
7 The estrogens, especially E2, which is accumulated in EMs lesions through excessive synthesis and decreased degradation, 8 have been shown to result in direct cell damage with increased mitotic activity, a higher likelihood of DNA errors and somatic mutations, 9 and contribute greatly to the overgrowth and oncogenesis of EMs lesions.
Although the deleterious class exhibited increased variants with deleterious effects, a more informative approach would be to examine a subset of variants with an even higher likelihood of being deleterious, e.g. nonsense mutations as suggested by Szpiech et al. [ 24], as these are more likely to interfere with normal protein functioning.
The research also revealed that carrying more than one of the potentially harmful mutations results in a higher likelihood of developing sarcoma at a younger age, with risk increasing with the number of mutations.
Thus there was a high likelihood of detecting mutations in ATP8B1 and ABCB11 in these samples.
Therefore, it is possible that the greater degree of conservation exhibited by dominant disease genes vs. recessive disease genes is an effect of the higher likelihood of fixation of slightly deleterious non-synonymous mutations in the recessive disease genes coupled with an under-representation of highly conserved genes in this same dataset.
In the neoadjuvant setting, cT3-4 breast cancer patients with a TP53-mutation had a higher likelihood of pathological complete remission (pCR) and an 80% six-years RFS after intensified cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy, but only a 50% six-year RFS after FEC-docetaxel (FEC-D) [ 34, 35].
