The modularity measure defines sub-networks or communities of nodes with higher level of linkage density or, in other words, highlights groups of nodes with shared attributes.
Redevelopment, which retained a compact structure based upon spatial proximity, was found to encourage high levels of linkage between the component parts of the centre and generated favourable attitudes to the shopping environment.
However, the high levels of linkage disequilibrium generated by selfing may also facilitate the fixation of compensatory alleles that modify the effects of the initial mutation [25], [29].
The combination of high levels of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD), heterozygote deficits at large number of loci, and high genetic diversity in some of the populations (Fig. 3) is also indicative of recent admixture.
Detailed analysis revealed that a large proportion of Drosophila immune genes interact epistatically with each other [16], [17] and that some Drosophila immune receptors can display high levels of linkage disequilibrium [18].
An unexpected result from our previous studies is that molecular markers hitchhike with important fitness genes [39], [40], which suggest that there are high levels of linkage disequilibrium in the population [41], [42].
Cerro Fatal shows heterozygote excess, high levels of linkage disequilibrium (both of which can be explained by a past bottleneck), and much less genetic variability overall at mitochondrial and nuclear loci than the La Reserva population (Table 9 and Table 10 and [3], [13], [14]).
However, there are SNPs either side of the DEFA1A3 locus that display high levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD).
