Thus, we concluded that the division of populations into seven groups best described the high-level population structure in our dataset.
Finally, the fast computations suggest that it may be appealing to expand our models to incorporate high-level population heterogeneities.
The presence of high-level population genetic structure indicates that gene flow is not continuous across all parts of these species ranges.
While these model organisms are well suited for developmental, cellular and molecular studies – contributing a staggering amount of biological knowledge – it is difficult to relate environmental controls of gene regulation of these organisms (phenotype) to higher-level (population) responses because so little is known about their ecology.
Population genetic studies have evidenced a higher level of population differentiation in the case of the M form as compared to the S form [ 4, 8, 32].
A previous study has reported that there is a higher level of population differentiation at gene regions compared to non-gene regions in the genome [ 6].
Another interesting category is hair follicle development, which also showed a higher level of population differentiation (GO: 0001942, λ = 4.09, P= 2.07E-08 after multiple testing).
However, our data does indicate higher levels of population differentiation than expected at random, with some populations appearing particularly divergent when looking at amino acid data.
(Much higher levels of population were reached in Greco-Roman times).
In particular, QS enables the maintenance of cooperative behavior at higher levels of population mixing.
In a similar manner, reproduction associated processes, e.g. sperm motility, spermatid development, gamete generation, have higher levels of population differentiation.
