The higher levels of workload should serve as a caution that these voice-based interactions can be cognitively demanding and ought not to be used indiscriminately while operating a motor vehicle.
The results show that drivers correctly identified more changes detected by the system with the radar display than with the other displays, but higher levels of workload accompanied this increased detection.
A rating of 0 reflects a very low level of workload and a rating of 21 reflects a very high level of workload.
A rating of 0 reflects a very low level of workload and a rating of 21 reflects a very high level of workload Fig. 8 Mean NASA TLX ratings for the six sub-scales for the first testing day (Session 1) and the last testing day (Session 2).
A rating of 0 reflects a very low level of workload and a rating of 21 reflects a very high level of workload Fig. 9 Mean NASA TLX ratings for the six sub-scales in the younger, middle, and older age groups.
In the health centres, the situation was better, but the staff still experienced a high level of workload and responsibilities due to absenteeism (see Table 2).
The analysis of workload using the on/off task DRT data found that "on-task" performance was associated with surprisingly high levels of workload (i.e., averaging 3.34 on our 5-point scale).
The impact of these voice-based commands on the motorist's cognitive workload is unknown; however, voice-command laboratory surrogates with perfect reliability have been shown to produce surprisingly high levels of workload (Strayer, Cooper, Turrill, Coleman, & Hopman, 2015a, Strayer et al., 2015b).
An increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens or a higher level of occupancy/complexity with increased workload for staff during specific periods could also affect AbVAP frequency [ 24, 25].
Finally, the effect of practice with these voice-command systems has not been fully explored and it is unknown if the higher levels of cognitive workload abate with extended practice.
